Tutorial: Making maps with R

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# Tutorial: Making maps with R
## 🗺 <br/>from static maps towards web applications
### Robin Lovelace, Jannes Muenchow
### EGU Vienna, 2019-04-10

---

layout: true
background-image: url(img/r_geocomp_background.png)
background-size: cover

---

# Brief history of geographic vizualisation

- Neo Babylonian (626 BC - 539 BC) temple plan
Source:
(Talbert, 2014)

---

# Brief history of geographic vizualisation

- Neo Babylonian (626 BC - 539 BC) map of the world
Source:
(Talbert, 2014)

---

# Brief history of geographic vizualisation

- Humboldt's Naturgemälde (1807, *Geography of Plants*)

---

# A brief history of geographic data viz in R

"The core R engine was not designed specifically for the display and analysis
of maps, and the limited interactive facilities it offers have drawbacks in this
area" (Bivand, Pebesma, and Gómez-Rubio, 2013).

Five years later...

"An example showing R's flexibility and evolving geographic capabilities is **leaflet**
(Cheng, Karambelkar, and Xie, 2018),
a package for making interactive maps that has been extended by the R community, as we'll see in Chapter 9" 
(Lovelace, Nowosad, and Muenchow, 2018).

---

# Base R graphics: sf

.pull-left[

```r
library(spData)
library(sf)
plot(nz[, 1:2])
```
]

.pull-right[
![](04_viz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png)
]

---

# Base R graphics: sf II

```r
plot(st_geometry(nz))
plot(nz_height, add = TRUE, cex = nz_height$elevation / 1000)
sf_cols = sf.colors(n = 2, alpha = 0.2)
nz$col = factor(x = nz$Island, labels = sf_cols)
plot(st_geometry(nz), col = as.character(nz$col))
```

---

# sf graphics: code

```r
# facet plots by default
plot(nz) 
# plot just geometry, ready for new layers:
plot(st_geometry(nz), reset = FALSE)
# addition of new layers
plot(nz_height, add = TRUE)
# create colourscheme, add transparency
sf_cols = sf.colors(n = 2, alpha = 0.2)
nz$col = factor(x = nz$Island, labels = sf_cols)
plot(st_geometry(nz), col = as.character(nz$col))
#  see ?plot.sf for more
```

---

## Observations

- Facets by default: useful for seeing patterns.
- Passes arguments (e.g `cex` for symbol size) to `graphics::plot()`
- Add new layers with `add = ...` argument
- Quick and unrefined, but you can go far with base R graphics 
(Murrell, 2016).

---

# tmap

.pull-left[

- A powerful, dedicated mapping package
.smaller-code-font75[

```r
library(tmap)
tm_shape(nz) +
  tm_polygons("Median_income", 
              palette = "RdYlBu")
```
]
]

.pull-right[
![](04_viz_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png)
]

---

# Why tmap?

- It is powerful and flexible.
- Concise syntax, attractive maps with minimal code, familiar to **ggplot2** users.
- Unique capability: same code -> static + interactive maps with switch `tmap_mode()`.
- Wide range of spatial classes (including `raster` objects) supported.
- Well documented + developed --- see [`tmap-nutshell`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tmap/vignettes/tmap-nutshell.html) and JSS paper
(Tennekes, 2018).

---

# tmap basics

```r
# Add fill layer to nz shape
tm_shape(nz) + tm_fill() 
# Add border layer to nz shape
tm_shape(nz) + tm_borders() 
# Add fill and border layers to nz shape
tm_shape(nz) + tm_fill() + tm_borders() 
```

---

# Animations

- Are easy with **tmap** (section [8.3](http://geocompr.robinlovelace.net/adv-map.html#animated-maps) of geocompr)

---

# Interactive maps with mapview

```r
m = mapview::mapview(nz)
m@map
```

<div id="htmlwidget-54395f4fc595eb2477f0" style="width:60%;height:60%;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>1 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Northland <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>12500.5611491 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>175500 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>23400 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.942453228842534 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>2 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Auckland <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>4941.5725565 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>1657200 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>29600 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.944285802583596 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>3 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Waikato <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>23900.0363831 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>460100 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>27900 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.952050024664133 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>4 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Bay of Plenty <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>12071.1446886 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>299900 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>26200 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.928039058955691 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>5 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Gisborne <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>8385.8266186 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>48500 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>24400 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.934973404255319 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>6 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Hawke's Bay <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>14137.5244406 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>164000 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>26100 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.923837520042758 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>7 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Taranaki <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>7254.4804331 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>118000 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>29100 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.956936261381896 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>8 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Manawatu-Wanganui <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>22220.6083872 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>234500 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>25000 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.938773377912444 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>9 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Wellington <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>North <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>8048.5527716 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>513900 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>32700 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.93355240486388 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#0000B333 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>10 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>West Coast <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>23245.45588 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>32400 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>26900 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>1.01390716030821 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>11 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Canterbury <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>44504.4990912 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>612000 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>30100 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.975326544288084 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>12 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Otago <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>31186.3091885 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>224200 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>26300 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.951169446933996 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>13 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Southland <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>31196.0603552 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>98300 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>29500 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.978506931196744 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>14 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Tasman <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>9615.9760349 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>51100 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>25700 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.971898130723874 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>15 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Nelson <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>422.195242 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>51400 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>27200 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.925967400771432 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>","<html><head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"lib/popup/popup.css\"><\/head><body><div class=\"scrollableContainer\"><table class=\"popup scrollable\" id=\"popup\"><tr class='coord'><td><\/td><td><b>Feature ID<\/b><\/td><td align='right'>16 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>1<\/td><td><b>Name <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>Marlborough <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><b>Island <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>South <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>3<\/td><td><b>Land_area <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>10457.7454853 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><b>Population <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>46200 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>5<\/td><td><b>Median_income <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>27900 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><b>Sex_ratio <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>0.957792207792208 <\/td><\/tr><tr class='alt'><td>7<\/td><td><b>geom <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>sfc_MULTIPOLYGON <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><b>col <\/b><\/td><td align='right'>#FFF50A33 <\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div><\/body><\/html>"],{"maxWidth":800,"minWidth":50,"autoPan":true,"keepInView":false,"closeButton":true,"closeOnClick":true,"className":""},["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15","16"],{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},{"stroke":true,"weight":2,"opacity":0.9,"fillOpacity":0.84,"bringToFront":false,"sendToBack":false}]},{"method":"addScaleBar","args":[{"maxWidth":100,"metric":true,"imperial":true,"updateWhenIdle":true,"position":"bottomleft"}]},{"method":"addHomeButton","args":[166.426302922672,-47.2828524134173,178.550373600413,-34.4145187168343,"Zoom to nz","<strong> nz 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// append at end of leaflet htmlwidget container\n      $(el).append(newDiv);\n      //provide ID and style\n      newDiv.addClass('lnlt');\n      newDiv.css({\n      'position': 'relative',\n      'bottomleft':  '0px',\n      'background-color': 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7)',\n      'box-shadow': '0 0 2px #bbb',\n      'background-clip': 'padding-box',\n      'margin': '0',\n      'padding-left': '5px',\n      'color': '#333',\n      'font': '9px/1.5 \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif',\n      'z-index': '700',\n      });\n      return newDiv;\n      }\n\n\n      // check for already existing lnlt class to not duplicate\n      var lnlt = $(el).find('.lnlt');\n\n      if(!lnlt.length) {\n      lnlt = addElement();\n\n      // grab the special div we generated in the beginning\n      // and put the mousmove output there\n\n      map.on('mousemove', function (e) {\n      if (e.originalEvent.ctrlKey) {\n      if (document.querySelector('.lnlt') === null) lnlt = addElement();\n      lnlt.text(\n                           ' lon: ' + (e.latlng.lng).toFixed(5) +\n                           ' | lat: ' + (e.latlng.lat).toFixed(5) +\n                           ' | zoom: ' + map.getZoom() +\n                           ' | x: ' + L.CRS.EPSG3857.project(e.latlng).x.toFixed(0) +\n                           ' | y: ' + L.CRS.EPSG3857.project(e.latlng).y.toFixed(0) +\n                           ' | epsg: 3857 ' +\n                           ' | proj4: +proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +no_defs ');\n      } else {\n      if (document.querySelector('.lnlt') === null) lnlt = addElement();\n      lnlt.text(\n                      ' lon: ' + (e.latlng.lng).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | lat: ' + (e.latlng.lat).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | zoom: ' + map.getZoom() + ' ');\n      }\n      });\n\n      // remove the lnlt div when mouse leaves map\n      map.on('mouseout', function (e) {\n      var strip = document.querySelector('.lnlt');\n      strip.remove();\n      });\n\n      };\n\n      //$(el).keypress(67, function(e) {\n      map.on('preclick', function(e) {\n      if (e.originalEvent.ctrlKey) {\n      if (document.querySelector('.lnlt') === null) lnlt = addElement();\n      lnlt.text(\n                      ' lon: ' + (e.latlng.lng).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | lat: ' + (e.latlng.lat).toFixed(5) +\n                      ' | zoom: ' + map.getZoom() + ' ');\n      var txt = document.querySelector('.lnlt').textContent;\n      console.log(txt);\n      //txt.innerText.focus();\n      //txt.select();\n      setClipboardText('\"' + txt + '\"');\n      }\n      });\n\n      //map.on('click', function (e) {\n      //  var txt = document.querySelector('.lnlt').textContent;\n      //  console.log(txt);\n      //  //txt.innerText.focus();\n      //  //txt.select();\n      //  setClipboardText(txt);\n      //});\n\n      function setClipboardText(text){\n      var id = 'mycustom-clipboard-textarea-hidden-id';\n      var existsTextarea = document.getElementById(id);\n\n      if(!existsTextarea){\n      console.log('Creating textarea');\n      var textarea = document.createElement('textarea');\n      textarea.id = id;\n      // Place in top-left corner of screen regardless of scroll position.\n      textarea.style.position = 'fixed';\n      textarea.style.top = 0;\n      textarea.style.left = 0;\n\n      // Ensure it has a small width and height. Setting to 1px / 1em\n      // doesn't work as this gives a negative w/h on some browsers.\n      textarea.style.width = '1px';\n      textarea.style.height = '1px';\n\n      // We don't need padding, reducing the size if it does flash render.\n      textarea.style.padding = 0;\n\n      // Clean up any borders.\n      textarea.style.border = 'none';\n      textarea.style.outline = 'none';\n      textarea.style.boxShadow = 'none';\n\n      // Avoid flash of white box if rendered for any reason.\n      textarea.style.background = 'transparent';\n      document.querySelector('body').appendChild(textarea);\n      console.log('The textarea now exists :)');\n      existsTextarea = document.getElementById(id);\n      }else{\n      console.log('The textarea already exists :3')\n      }\n\n      existsTextarea.value = text;\n      existsTextarea.select();\n\n      try {\n      var status = document.execCommand('copy');\n      if(!status){\n      console.error('Cannot copy text');\n      }else{\n      console.log('The text is now on the clipboard');\n      }\n      } catch (err) {\n      console.log('Unable to copy.');\n      }\n      }\n\n\n      }\n      ).call(this.getMap(), el, x, data);\n}","data":null}]}}</script>

---

# Web mapping applications

- Leaflet integrates with **shiny** via `leaflet::leafletOutput()`, enabling web mapping applications built on R
- These can be set-up to scale nationally, as illustrated by [pct.bike](http://www.pct.bike/)
(Lovelace, Goodman, Aldred, Berkoff, Abbas, and Woodcock, 2017).

---

# Exercises

Create a map showing the geographic distribution of the Human Development Index (`HDI`) across Africa with:

1. base graphics (hint: use `plot()`) and
2. **tmap** (hint: use `tm_shape(africa) + ...`).
3. Name two advantages of each approach
4. Bonus: name 2 other packages could be used to show the same data?
    
--

## Starting point for the exercise:

```r
library(sf)
library(spData)
library(tidyverse)
africa = world %>% 
  filter(continent == "Africa", !is.na(iso_a2)) %>% 
  left_join(worldbank_df, by = "iso_a2") %>% 
  select(name, subregion, gdpPercap, HDI, pop_growth) %>% 
  st_transform("+proj=aea +lat_1=20 +lat_2=-23 +lat_0=0 +lon_0=25")
```

---

class: small
# References

Bivand, Roger S, Edzer Pebesma and Virgilio Gómez-Rubio (2013).
_Applied Spatial Data Analysis with R_. 2nd ed. 2013 edition. New
York: Springer. 405 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4614-7617-7.

Cheng, Joe, Bhaskar Karambelkar and Yihui Xie (2018). _Leaflet:
Create Interactive Web Maps with the JavaScript 'Leaflet'
Library_. R package version 2.0.0. URL:
[https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leaflet](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leaflet).

Lovelace, Robin, Anna Goodman, Rachel Aldred, et al. (2017). "The
Propensity to Cycle Tool: An Open Source Online System for
Sustainable Transport Planning". In: _Journal of Transport and
Land Use_ 10.1. ISSN: 1938-7849. DOI:
[10.5198/jtlu.2016.862](https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2016.862).
URL:
[https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/862](https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/862)
(visited on Jun. 01, 2017).

Lovelace, Robin, Jakub Nowosad and Jannes Muenchow (2018).
_Geocomputation with R_. CRC Press. URL:
[http://robinlovelace.net/geocompr](http://robinlovelace.net/geocompr)
(visited on Oct. 05, 2017).

Murrell, Paul (2016). _R Graphics, Second Edition_. CRC Press. 536
pp. ISBN: 978-1-4398-3177-9. Google Books: googlebooks.

Talbert, Richard J. A. (2014). _Ancient Perspectives: Maps and
Their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome_. University
of Chicago Press. 284 pp. ISBN: 978-0-226-78940-8. Google Books:
googlebooks.

Tennekes, Martijn (2018). "Tmap: Thematic Maps in R". In: _Journal
of Statistical Software, Articles_ 84.6, pp. 1-39. ISSN:
1548-7660. DOI:
[10.18637/jss.v084.i06](https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v084.i06).
URL:
[https://www.jstatsoft.org/v084/i06](https://www.jstatsoft.org/v084/i06).